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1 ideological differences
Politics english-russian dictionary > ideological differences
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2 beset with ideological differences
Общая лексика: раздирают идеологические противоречияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > beset with ideological differences
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3 ideological
Adj1. आदर्शपूर्णOur differences were rejected on ideological grounds. -
4 идейные разногласия
ideological dissension, ideological differencesРусско-английский политический словарь > идейные разногласия
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5 difference
n1) различие, отличие2) разногласие, различие во мнениях; противоречие; спор•to bridge the differences between... — преодолевать противоречия между...
to bury / to end one's differences — покончить с разногласиями
to make up one's differences — урегулировать разногласия; разрешать противоречия
to overcome / to override differences — преодолевать разногласия / противоречия
to paper over differences — пытаться сгладить противоречия / разногласия
to patch up one's differences with smb — улаживать свои разногласия с кем-л.
to reconcile one's differences with smb — урегулировать свои разногласия с кем-л.
to resolve the differences between... — разрешать противоречия между...
to set aside one's differences — отбрасывать в сторону свои разногласия / противоречия
to settle last-minute differences — урегулировать разногласия, возникшие в последнюю минуту
to skirt over one's differences — отбрасывать в сторону свои разногласия / противоречия
- big differencesto surmount differences — преодолевать разногласия / противоречия
- class differences
- deep differences
- difference in views
- difference of views
- differences appear more pronounced
- differences become sharper
- differences grow
- differences should not stand in the way of improved relations
- essential difference
- ethnic differences
- exchange difference
- fundamental difference
- grave differences
- great differences
- ideological differences
- income differences
- inflation differences
- insurmountable differences
- internal differences
- international differences
- irreconcilable differences
- major differences
- marginal difference
- narrowing of differences
- national differences
- only procedural differences stand in the way
- peaceful settlement of differences
- persisting differences
- political differences
- racial differences
- sectarian differences
- serious differences
- sharp differences
- sharpening of differences
- social differences
- solution of differences
- substantial difference
- tactical differences
- tribal differences
- unbridgeable differences
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6 разногласие разногласи·е
difference, disagreement, discord, dissensionснять остающиеся разногласия — to remove / to resolve outstanding differences
стремиться к разрешению разногласий путём переговоров — to seek a negotiated settlement to the dispute
уладить / урегулировать / устранить разногласия — to adjust / to conciliate / to heal / to make up / to work out / to reconcile / to settle differences / dissensions
непримиримые разногласия — irreconcilable differences / disagreements
серьёзные разногласия — serious discord / differences
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > разногласие разногласи·е
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7 divergence
divergence [divεʀʒɑ̃s]feminine noun* * *divɛʀʒɑ̃s* * *divɛʀʒɑ̃s nfdes divergences d'opinion au sein de... — differences of opinion within...
* * *divergence nf1 (d'opinions, de points de vue) divergence; des divergences d'intérêts divergences of interest; des divergences politiques/idéologiques political/ideological differences; divergence de goûts/au sein d'un parti differences of taste/within a party;2 Sci divergence.[divɛrʒɑ̃s] nom féminin1. [différence]divergence (d'idées ou de vues) difference of opinion -
8 różnic|a
f 1. (odmienność) difference (między czymś a czymś between sth and sth)- różnice polityczne/ideologiczne political/ideological differences- duże różnice temperatur large temperature differences- znaczna różnica wieku między nimi a significant age difference between them- głębokie różnice w rozumieniu czegoś deep differences in understanding sth- istnieje między nami różnica zdań there’s a difference of opinion between us- z tą różnicą, że… with the difference that…- jedyna różnica między nimi to… the only difference between them is that…- różnica polega na tym, że… the difference is that…- nie robić różnic między swoimi dziećmi to treat all one’s children fairly- to mi nie robi a. sprawia różnicy it makes no difference to me- kilka minut nie robi mi różnicy a few more minutes won’t make much difference- nie sprawia mu wielkiej różnicy, czy… it makes no difference to him if…- czy nie sprawi pani różnicy, jeżeli przyjdę później? will it make any difference to you if I come later?- co za różnica? what’s the difference?- to bez różnicy same difference pot.- dla mnie to żadna różnica it makes no difference- to różnica! that’s a difference- lubić a kochać to różnica liking and loving are two different things2. Mat. difference- różnica dwóch liczb the difference between two numbers- różnica wynosi pięć the difference is fiveThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > różnic|a
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9 раздирают идеологические противоречия
General subject: beset with ideological differencesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > раздирают идеологические противоречия
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10 aparte
adj.separate.lo guardaré en un cajón aparte I'll keep it in a separate drawerser caso o capítulo aparte to be a different matteradv.1 aside, to one side.bromas aparte joking apart2 separately (por separado).la bufanda envuélvala aparte, es para regalar please wrap the scarf up separately, it's a gift3 besides.y aparte tiene otro todoterreno and she has another four-wheel drive besides o tooaparte de feo… besides being ugly…4 apart, aside, on one side, separately.m.1 new paragraph.2 aside (Teatro).3 private conference with the judge, sidebar.pres.subj.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: apartar.* * *► adverbio1 apart, aside, separately► adjetivo1 (distinto) special1 TEATRO aside2 LINGÚÍSTICA paragraph■ punto y aparte full stop, new paragraph\* * *1. noun m. 2. adj.separate, special3. adv.1) aside, apart2) separately3) besides•* * *1.ADJ INV separateguárdalo en un cajón aparte — keep it in a different o separate drawer
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mantenerse aparte — to keep away2. ADV1) (=a un lado)bromas aparte, ¿qué os parece que me vaya a vivir a El Cairo? — joking aside o seriously though, what do you think of me going to live in Cairo?
diferencias ideológicas aparte, perseguimos el mismo fin — ideological differences aside, we're after the same thing
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dejando aparte el norte, este país no es muy montañoso — leaving aside the north, this country is not very mountainous•
hacerle a algn aparte — to exclude sb•
poner algo aparte — to put sth asidela ropa sucia ponla aparte — put the dirty clothes to one side, put aside the dirty clothes
modestia•
ser algo aparte — to be something superior2) (=por separado) separately3) (=además) besidesaparte, yo ya soy mayorcita para que me manden — besides, I'm too old to be bossed about like that
-¿y no paga el alquiler? -sí, eso aparte — "and he doesn't pay the rent?" - "yes, that as well"
300 euros, aparte impuestos — 300 euros, taxes aside
3.PREP•
aparte de — apart fromaparte del mal tiempo, las vacaciones fueron estupendas — apart from the bad weather, the holidays were great
4. SM1) (Teat) aside2) (Tip) paragraph, new paragraph* * *I1) (a un lado, por separado)pon las verduras aparte — put the vegetables to o on one side
¿me lo podría envolver aparte? — could you wrap it separately?
aparte de que no tiene experiencia... — apart from the fact that she has no experience...
2) ( además)IIy aparte yo no soy su criada — and anyway o besides I'm not his maid
adjetivo invariableIIImasculino aside* * *= aside, separate, of its own.Ex. Cost considerations aside, an informative abstract is to be preferred in most instances.Ex. One of the most obvious of the limitations of this approach is that it is difficult to decide what constitutes a separate work.Ex. The document has no title of its own.----* aparte de = apart from, other than, quite apart from, aside from.* dejar aparte = leave + aside.* mantener aparte = keep + separate.* mundos aparte = like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* ser un caso aparte = be in a league of its own.* un mundo aparte = a world apart, a breed apart.* vivir en un mundo aparte = inhabit + a world of + Posesivo + own.* * *I1) (a un lado, por separado)pon las verduras aparte — put the vegetables to o on one side
¿me lo podría envolver aparte? — could you wrap it separately?
aparte de que no tiene experiencia... — apart from the fact that she has no experience...
2) ( además)IIy aparte yo no soy su criada — and anyway o besides I'm not his maid
adjetivo invariableIIImasculino aside* * *= aside, separate, of its own.Ex: Cost considerations aside, an informative abstract is to be preferred in most instances.
Ex: One of the most obvious of the limitations of this approach is that it is difficult to decide what constitutes a separate work.Ex: The document has no title of its own.* aparte de = apart from, other than, quite apart from, aside from.* dejar aparte = leave + aside.* mantener aparte = keep + separate.* mundos aparte = like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* ser un caso aparte = be in a league of its own.* un mundo aparte = a world apart, a breed apart.* vivir en un mundo aparte = inhabit + a world of + Posesivo + own.* * *A (a un lado, por separado) separately¿me lo podría envolver aparte? could you wrap it separately?lavar la ropa de color aparte wash coloreds separatelyeste asunto lo vamos a tratar aparte we'll deal with this matter separatelylo llamó aparte y lo reprendió she called him aside o to one side and reprimanded himpon las verduras aparte put the vegetables to o on one sidedejando aparte la cuestión del dinero leaving aside the question of moneybromas aparte joking asidesoy muy buena cocinera, modestia aparte I'm a very good cook, although I say so myselfaparte de la pensión no tiene ningún otro ingreso apart from her pension, she has no other incomeaparte de que no tiene experiencia, es muy irresponsable apart from the fact that she has no experience, she's very irresponsibleB(además): y aparte tiene otra casa en el campo and she has another house in the country as welly aparte yo no soy su criada and anyway o besides o apart from anything else, I'm not his maidesto merece un capítulo aparte this deserves a separate chapter o a chapter to itselfes un caso aparte he's a special caseaside* * *
Del verbo apartar: ( conjugate apartar)
aparté es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
aparte es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
apartar
aparte
apartar ( conjugate apartar) verbo transitivo
1
apartó los ojos he averted his eyes
2 (guardar, reservar) to set aside;
apartarse verbo pronominal ( refl)
b) (alejarse, separarse):◊ apártate de ahí get/come away from there;
no se aparta de su lado he never leaves her side;
¡apártate de mi vista! get out of my sight!;
se apartó de su familia she drifted away from her family;
nos estamos apartando del tema we're getting off the subject
aparte adverbio
1 (a un lado, por separado):◊ pon las verduras aparte put the vegetables to o on one side;
¿me lo podría envolver aparte? could you wrap it separately?;
lo llamó aparte y lo reprendió she called him aside and reprimanded him;
bromas aparte joking aside;
aparte de ( excepto) apart from;
( además de) as well as;
aparte de hacerlos, los diseña she designs them as well as making them
2 ( además) as well;
( por otra parte) anyway, besides
■ adjetivo invariable:
es un caso aparte he's a special case
apartar
I verbo transitivo
1 (alejar) to move away, remove
apartar la vista, to look away
2 (guardar) to put aside
II verbo intransitivo ¡aparta!, move out of the way!
aparte 1 adverbio
1 (en un sitio separado) aside: pon eso aparte, put it aside
2 (dejando a un lado) apart
modestia/bromas aparte, modesty/joking apart
3 (separadamente) separately: la bebida te la cobran aparte, they charge separately for the drinks
♦ Locuciones: aparte de, (además de) besides: aparte de educado es muy simpático, besides being polite he's also very nice
(independientemente de, a excepción de) no tiene a nadie aparte de mí, he has no one apart from me
aparte 2 I adj inv
1 (insólito) special: este hombre es un caso aparte, this man's a special case
2 (distinto) separated
II sustantivo masculino
1 Teat aside
2 Ling punto y aparte, full stop, new paragraph
' aparte' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
broma
- independientemente
- punto
- separar
- separada
- separado
- allá
- párrafo
English:
apart
- aside
- avert
- keep
- offprint
- otherwise
- outside
- separate
- away
- besides
- draw
- extra
- other
- plus
- segregate
- take
* * *♦ adv1. [en otro lugar, a un lado] aside, to one side;las cartas urgentes ponlas aparte put the urgent letters to one side;dejando aparte tu último comentario… leaving aside your last comment…;bromas aparte joking apart2. [por separado] separately;este paquete vino aparte this parcel came separately;poner aparte el grano y la paja to separate the grain from the chaff;la bufanda envuélvala aparte, es para regalar please wrap the scarf up separately, it's a gift3. [además] besides;y aparte tiene otro todoterreno and she has another four-wheel drive besides o too;y aparte no tengo por qué hacerte caso and anyway o besides, there's no reason why I should take any notice of you;aparte de apart from, except for;aparte de esta pequeña errata, el resto está perfecto apart from o except for this small mistake, the rest is perfect;aparte de feo… besides being ugly…;no encontré otra razón aparte de la que te he explicado I couldn't find any reason for it other than the one I've told you;aparte de eso, no hay nada más que decir other than that, there's nothing more to say;aparte de que no es un goleador nato, ha costado muy caro quite apart from the fact that he isn't an instinctive goal scorer, he cost a lot of money;es mi mejor amigo, aparte de ti, claro está he's my best friend, apart from you o except for you, of course♦ adj invseparate;lo guardaré en un cajón aparte I'll keep it in a separate drawer;es un poeta aparte, tremendamente original he's in a league o class of his own as a poet, he's incredibly original;tu hermana es un caso aparte your sister's a special case;constituir una clase aparte to be in a league o class of one's own♦ nm1. [párrafo] new paragraph2. Teatro aside;Figse lo dijo en un aparte she told him when the others couldn't hear her* * *I adv1 to one side;llevar a alguien aparte take s.o. aside o to one side3:aparte de aside from, Br apart from;aparte de guapa, es rica she’s not only pretty, she’s rich too, she’s rich as well as pretty;aparte de que apart from the fact thatII m1 TEA aside2 TIP new line;punto y aparte new paragraph* * *aparte adv1) : apart, asidemodestia aparte: if I say so myself2) : separately3)aparte de : apart from, besidesaparte adj: separate, specialaparte nm: aside (in theater)* * *aparte1 adj1. (distinto) special / different2. (separado) separateaparte2 adv1. (a un lado) aside / to one side2. (por separado) separately3. (a solas) on your ownaparte del susto, no le ha pasado nada apart from the shock, she's fineaparte de inteligente, es también guapo besides being clever, he's good looking too -
11 спор
1) argument, dispute, wrangle, controversy; (обсуждение) discussion; (разногласие) differenceприпереть к стене в споре — to corner (smb.) in an argument
улаживать споры — to adjust / to work out / to settle / to clarify differences / disputes / arguments
бесконечные / нескончаемые споры — endless arguments
горячий спор — heated / tempestuous debate
международные споры — international disputes / differences
ожесточённый спор — violent controversy / wrangle, frantic agrument
пограничный спор — border / boundary dispute / controversy
предмет спора — matter in dispute, contestation
разрешение спора — accommodation, settlement of difficulties
разрешение споров путём переговоров — settlement of disputes by means of negotiations, negatiated settlement
2) (соперничество) contest3) юр. disputeпередавать споры на обязательное судебное или арбитражное разрешение — to submit disputes to obligatory judicial or arbitral settlement
правовые споры, споры юридического характера — legal disputes / differences
разрешение споров в суде / решение споров по суду — adjudication of disputes
стороны, участвующие в споре — parties to the dispute
улаживание спора — adjustment of a dispute / differences
урегулирование спора — settlement of a dispute / differences
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12 противоречие противоречи·е
contradiction; (столкновение) collision, conflict; (несоответствие) disagreement; (непоследовательность) inconsistency, repugnanceвскрывать противоречия — to bring to light / to lay bare / to identify contradictions
вступить в противоречие — to collide (with), to come into collision, to come / to be brought into antagonism (with)
замазывать противоречия — to gloss over / to cover up contradictions
обострять противоречия — to aggravate / to exacerbate / to sharpen / to peak contradictions
внутренние противоречия — internal / inner contradictions
вопиющее противоречие — glaring contradiction, violent discrepancy
глубокие противоречия — deep / deep-seated contradictions
обострение противоречий — intensification / aggravation of the antagonisms / contradictions
противоречия, присущие чему-л. — contradictions inherent in smth.
в противоречии с чём-л. — in contradiction with smth.
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > противоречие противоречи·е
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13 afiliación
f.1 affiliation, association.2 membership.3 adhesion.* * *1 affiliation* * *noun f.membership, affiliation* * *SF (Pol) affiliation; [de sindicatos] membership* * *femenino affiliation* * *= affiliation, membership, affiliation.Nota: Afinidad de ideología.Ex. Accurate data upon the addresses and the affiliations and agencies operated by various publishers is not always easy to come by for the directories.Ex. The sharing of expertise through membership of a club of existing users can be valuable.Ex. No differences could be detected as a result of different institutional affiliations in the capacity or desire of SLIS to enter the IT field.----* afiliación del autor = author affiliation.* afiliación institucional = institutional affiliation.* afiliación profesional = professional membership, professional affiliation.* sin afiliación a un partido político = non-partisan [nonpartisan].* sin afiliación religiosa = non-sectarian [nonsectarian].* * *femenino affiliation* * *= affiliation, membership, affiliation.Nota: Afinidad de ideología.Ex: Accurate data upon the addresses and the affiliations and agencies operated by various publishers is not always easy to come by for the directories.
Ex: The sharing of expertise through membership of a club of existing users can be valuable.Ex: No differences could be detected as a result of different institutional affiliations in the capacity or desire of SLIS to enter the IT field.* afiliación del autor = author affiliation.* afiliación institucional = institutional affiliation.* afiliación profesional = professional membership, professional affiliation.* sin afiliación a un partido político = non-partisan [nonpartisan].* sin afiliación religiosa = non-sectarian [nonsectarian].* * *affiliationafiliación a un sindicato union membership* * *
afiliación sustantivo femenino
affiliation
afiliación sustantivo femenino affiliation
' afiliación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ser
- filiación
English:
membership
- membership fee
- affiliation
* * *afiliación nf1. [a organización] [de persona] membership;[de grupo] affiliation;conocía su afiliación al partido comunista he knew she was a member of the communist party;ha bajado el nivel de afiliación a los sindicatos union membership has fallen;se ha incrementado el número de afiliaciones a la Seguridad Social the number of people registered with the social security system has risen* * *f affiliation (a to), becoming a member (a of)* * * -
14 усугублять разногласия
1) Law: advancing a cause (for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause - с целью усугубить политические, религиозные или идеологические разногласия)2) Makarov: exacerbate differencesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > усугублять разногласия
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15 unity
nединение; единство, сплоченностьto achieve unity — достигать / добиваться единства
to appeal / to call for unity — призывать к единству
to consolidate unity — крепить / укреплять единство
to demonstrate unity of views (on smth) — демонстрировать единство взглядов (по какому-л. вопросу)
to disrupt (the) unity (of) — подрывать единство (чего-л.)
to impair (the) unity (of) — подрывать единство (чего-л.)
to show unity of views (on smth) — демонстрировать единство взглядов (по какому-л. вопросу)
to strengthen unity — крепить / укреплять единство
- close unityto undermine (the) unity (of) — подрывать единство (чего-л.)
- country's unity
- differences of opinion are not obstacle to unity
- display unity
- ethnic unity
- ever elusive unity
- family unity
- fragile unity
- fraternal unity
- fruitful unity
- full unity
- ideological unity
- indestructible unity
- indissoluble unity
- international unity
- lasting unity
- manifestation of unity
- monolithic unity
- moral and political unity of the people
- national unity
- organic unity
- organizational unity
- party unity
- precarious unity
- protestations of unity
- re-establishment of the unity of smth
- restoration of the unity of smth
- restored unity
- sham unity
- show of unity
- socio-political unity
- strengthening of unity
- the unity of the country is at stake
- total unity
- unbreakable unity
- unconditional unity
- unity between smb
- unity of action
- unity of capital
- unity of economic life
- unity of interests
- unity of opinion
- unity of progressive and democratic forces
- unity of public and personal interests
- unity of purpose
- unity of science
- unity of the country
- unity of the laws of social development
- unity of theory and practice -
16 means
n1) средство, средства, способ• -
17 средство средств·о
1) (для осуществления чего-л.) means; мн. (технические) devicesпустить в ход выигрышное или последнее средство — to play (one's) trump-card
дипломатическое средство (против кого-л.) — diplomatic expedient (against smb.)
мирные средства — peaceful / pacific means
национальные средства контроля / проверки (выполнения соглашения) — national means of verification
спасительное средство — sure / wonder-working remedy
средства ведения войны — means of war / warfare
средство для достижения цели — leverage, instrument, means to an end, expeilient
незначительное / мелкое событие, в высшей степени раздутое средствами массовой информации — mass media event амер.
средства массового уничтожения — means of mass destruction / annihilation
средства, обеспечивающие выполнение договора — means to secure the performance of a treaty
средство платежа (о функции денег) — medium / means of payment
средство пропаганды — means of propaganda, vehicle for propaganda
средства связи — means / medium of communication
сдерживания / устрашения — deterrent
средства существования — means of subsistence / living
средства формирования общественного мнения — media forming / building / moulding public opinion
2)3) мн.эк. — resources, funds; (активы) assetsвыделять средства для чего-л. — to allocate funds for smth.
направлять средство на что-л. — to channel funds for smth.
получать средство (напр. путём выпуска акций) — to raise the finances
государственные средство — public / state funds
денежные / платежные средства — means, funds
денежные средство, имеющиеся в наличии — available funds
денежные средство, инвестированные в ценные бумаги — tied-up funds
законное платёжное средство — legal / lawful / common tender
оборотные средства — current / circulating assets
основные средство — permanent assets; fixed capital
средства, высвобождающиеся в результате сокращения военных бюджетов — funds released as a result of a reduction of military budgets
средство а, поглощаемые гонкой вооружений — resources absorbed by the arms race
средство, сэкономленные в результате разоружения — disarmament dividends
средство, управляемые по доверенности — trusteed funds
4) юр.средство правовой / судебной защиты — (legal) remedy
См. также в других словарях:
ideological — i|de|o|log|i|cal [ ,aıdiə ladʒıkl, ,ıdiə ladʒıkl ] adjective ** based on or relating to an IDEOLOGY: ideological differences/disputes He criticized the scheme on ideological grounds. We have no ideological objection to involving private companies … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
ideological */*/ — UK [ˌaɪdɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l] / US [ˌaɪdɪəˈlɑdʒɪk(ə)l] / US [ˌɪdɪəˈlɑdʒɪk(ə)l] adjective based on, or relating to, an ideology ideological differences/disputes He criticized the scheme on ideological grounds. We have no ideological objection to… … English dictionary
ideological — i|de|o|lo|gic|al [ˌaıdiəˈlɔdʒıkəl US ˈla: ] adj based on strong beliefs or ideas, especially political or economic ideas ▪ The party is split by ideological differences. >ideologically [ kli] adv … Dictionary of contemporary English
ideological — [ˌaɪdiəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l] adj based on or relating to an IDEOLOGY ideological differences/disputes[/ex] ideologically [ˌaɪdiəˈlɒdʒɪkli] adv … Dictionary for writing and speaking English
Gender differences — A Gender difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general. In the study of humans, socio political issues arise in classifying whether a sex… … Wikipedia
Europe, history of — Introduction history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… … Universalium
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, country in N. America. This article is arranged according to the following outline: introduction Colonial Era, 1654–1776 Early National Period, 1776–1820 German Jewish Period, 1820–1880 East European Jewish Period,… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Jacobo Arenas — Infobox Military Person name = Luis Morantes born = birth date|1917|1|1 died = death date and age|1990|10|10|1917|1|1 caption =Jacobo Arenas in Casa Verde, town of La Uribe, Colombia 1984. nickname = Jacobo Arenas serviceyears = 1964 1990 rank =… … Wikipedia
Militant Liberty: A Program of Evaluation and Assessment of Freedom — Militant Liberty; A Program of Evaluation and Assessment of Freedom … Wikipedia
EDUCATION, JEWISH — This entry is arranged according to the following outline. Bibliography at the end of a section is indicated by (†). in the biblical period the nature of the sources historical survey the patriarchal period and the settlement the kingdom the… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
ḤASIDISM — ḤASIDISM, a popular religious movement giving rise to a pattern of communal life and leadership as well as a particular social outlook which emerged in Judaism and Jewry in the second half of the 18th century. Ecstasy, mass enthusiasm, close knit … Encyclopedia of Judaism